Let us pear into another powerful trading firm that dealt mostly in silks, tea, and opium during the time of Jardine Matheson & Company, that prospered from 1842 to 1891. An American company called Russell & Company founded by Samuel Wadsworth Russell that in 1830 took over Perkins & Company.
https://amstudy.hku.hk/news/treatyports2011/files/sibinghe.pdf
Collection: Russell & Co. records | HOLLIS for (harvard.edu)
Hunt Janin in his The India-China Opium Trade of the Nineteenth Century stated:
"By the nineteenth century the export and shipping of opium was in the hands of private traders such as the British firm of Jardine, Matheson and Co. and the American firm of Russell and Co., which owned or chartered fast opium clippers to carry the drug from Bombay or Calcutta to China - first to Whampoa [Huangpu], a port 12 miles below Canton [Guangzhou], and then, after 1821 when the trade was halted there, to Lintin [Lingding] island and other anchorages in the Canton estuary." (Janin, 1999, p. 24)
https://www.podbean.com/ew/pb-z47at-fb4d4a
References
Janin, H. (1999). The India-China Opium Trade in the Nineteenth Century. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers.
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